@article{ref1,
title="Intervertebral neck injury criterion for prediction of multiplanar cervical spine injury due to side impacts",
journal="Traffic injury prevention",
year="2005",
author="Panjabi, M. M. and Ivancic, Paul C. and Tominaga, Y. and Wang, Jaw-Lin",
volume="6",
number="4",
pages="387-397",
abstract="Objective. Intervertebral Neck Injury Criterion (IV-NIC) is based on the hypothesis that dynamic three-dimensional intervertebral motion beyond physiological limits may cause multiplanar injury of cervical spine soft tissues. Goals of this study, using a biofidelic whole human cervical spine model with muscle force replication and surrogate head in simulated side impacts, were to correlate IV-NIC with multiplanar injury and determine IV-NIC injury threshold for each intervertebral level.Methods. Using a bench-top apparatus, side impacts were simulated at 3.5, 5, 6.5, and 8 g horizontal accelerations of the T1 vertebra. Pre- and post-impact flexibility testing in three-motion planes measured the soft tissue injury, i.e., significant increase (p < 0.05) in neutral zone (NZ) or range of motion (RoM) at any intervertebral level, above corresponding physiological limit.Results. IV-NIC in left lateral bending correlated well with total lateral bending RoM (R = 0.61, P < 0.001) and NZ (R = 0.55, P < 0.001). Additionally, the same IV-NIC correlated well with left axial rotation RoM (R = 0.50, P < 0.001). IV-NIC injury thresholds (95% confidence limits) varied among intervertebral levels and ranged between 1.5 (0.6-2.4) at C3-C4 and 4.0 (2.4-5.7) at C7-T1. IV-NIC injury threshold times were attained beginning at 84.5 ms following impact.Conclusions. Present results suggest that IV-NIC is an effective tool for determining multiplanar soft tissue neck injuries by identifying the intervertebral level, mode, time, and severity of injury.",
language="",
issn="1538-9588",
doi="10.1080/15389580500257100",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580500257100"
}