@article{ref1,
title="Normal Aging and Motor Imagery Vividness: Implications for Mental Practice Training in Rehabilitation",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2010",
author="Malouin, Francine and Richards, Carol L. and Durand, Anne",
volume="91",
number="7",
pages="1122-1127",
abstract="Malouin F, Richards CL, Durand A. Normal aging and motor imagery vividness: implications for mental practice training in rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of normal aging on motor imagery vividness and working memory. DESIGN: Descriptive study with 3 groups. SETTING: Laboratory of a university-affiliated research rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of healthy persons (N=80) divided into 3 age groups: young (26+/-5.0y), intermediate (53.6+/-5.4y), and elderly (67.6+/-4.6y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The kinesthetic and visual imagery scores of the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire and scores from 3 domains of working memory (visuospatial, kinesthetic, verbal). RESULTS: Results revealed that visual motor imagery scores were higher than kinesthetic scores (imagery effect: P=.001); however, there was also a significant imagery x group interaction (P=.017). Post hoc analyses showed that only the young and intermediate groups had higher visual than kinesthetic motor imagery scores (P=.005 and .001, respectively), indicating a loss of visual motor imagery dominance in the elderly group. There was no group effect (P=.963) signifying that the level of motor imagery vividness was comparable between age groups. Significant decreases (17.3% and 22.5%, respectively) in visuospatial working memory scores were found in the intermediate (P=.011) and elderly (P=.001) groups, whereas a significant reduction (P=.01) in kinesthetic working memory scores was observed only in the elderly group (26.7%). There was also an age-related significant decline of visuospatial (r= -.50) and kinesthetic (r=-.34) working memory. CONCLUSIONS: The level of motor imagery vividness does not diminish with age, but the quality changes. The dominance of visual motor imagery lessens with aging resulting in motor imagery modality-equivalence. These motor imagery alterations are associated with an age-related decline in visuospatial and kinesthetic working memory.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="10.1016/j.apmr.2010.03.007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.03.007"
}