@article{ref1,
title="Oppositional defiant disorder",
journal="American journal of psychiatry",
year="1993",
author="Rey, Juan Miguel",
volume="150",
number="12",
pages="1769-1778",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Oppositional defiant disorder is a common clinical diagnosis that has attracted little research interest, and doubts about its validity as a distinct category remain. However, it underwent substantial changes from DSM-III to DSM-III-R, and more are proposed for DSM-IV. The objective of this study was to review the literature on this condition to establish its place in the psychiatric nosology. METHOD: The terms used in computerized searches of the literature included &quot;oppositional disorder,&quot; &quot;oppositional defiant disorder,&quot; and &quot;oppositional behavior.&quot; Publications found by these searches were supplemented with references in articles, searches in the epidemiological literature, and noncomputerized searches. RESULTS: Findings of studies in which multivariate analyses were used support a distinction between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In these studies, one-third of all community-based children with any psychiatric condition had a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder and used mental health services often. Symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder appear to be stable over time and to have a developmental profile and sex distribution different from those of conduct disorder. The reliability of the diagnosis is low. CONCLUSIONS: There is some support for oppositional defiant disorder as a category that reflects an oppositional-aggressive psychological dimension, which is different from a delinquent dimension. There is little evidence for making oppositional defiant disorder a part of the construct of conduct disorder and for making &quot;lying&quot; a criterion for it. Considerable impairment should be required for the diagnosis. A more detailed description of symptoms, including a threshold for considering them present, may increase reliability of the diagnosis.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-953X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}