@article{ref1,
title="School violence, adjustment, and the influence of hope on low-income, African American youth",
journal="American journal of orthopsychiatry",
year="2010",
author="Cedeno, Linda A. and Elias, Maurice J. and Kelly, Shalonda and Chu, Bow-Ching",
volume="80",
number="2",
pages="213-226",
abstract="The current study investigated the prevalence and impact of exposure to school violence using a cross-sectional design with a sample of 132 low-income, African American fifth graders (mean age = 10.20). Additionally, hope was examined in relation to adjustment and as a potential resilience factor in the context of school violence. Students completed self-report measures for exposure to school violence frequencies, self-concept, and hope. Teachers completed a teacher-rated survey assessing levels of problem behaviors, social skills, and academic competence. Results indicated that the majority of youth had been personally victimized or witnessed violence during a 3-month period. Exposure to school violence was positively associated with problem behaviors, and negatively associated with social skills, self-concept, and academic competence; hope was inversely related to externalizing behaviors and positively related to self-concept. Hope buffered the effects of personal victimization and witnessing violence on self-concept. Gender differences were observed for a number of the analyses. The implications of both the prevalence and impact of exposure to school violence, as well as the moderating effects of hope, are discussed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-9432",
doi="10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01025.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01025.x"
}