@article{ref1,
title="In vitro study of possible microbial indicators for drowning: Salinity and types of bacterioplankton proliferating in blood",
journal="Forensic science international",
year="2011",
author="Kakizaki, Eiji and Kozawa, Shuji and Matsuda, Hirokazu and Muraoka, Eri and Uchiyama, Taketo and Sakai, Masahiro and Yukawa, Nobuhiro",
volume="204",
number="1-3",
pages="80-87",
abstract="Numbers and types of bacterioplankton proliferating in blood samples mixed with water of various salinity levels were examined to determine the characteristics of species associated with salinity. Water samples (total n=88) were collected from the midstream of two rivers (freshwater; n=10; salinity <0.05%), from around their estuaries (areas of freshwater, n=20, salinity <0.05%; areas of brackish water, n=20, salinity <0.05-3.1%; areas of marine water beyond the mouths of the rivers, n=28, salinity 2.4-3.3%), and from the coast (areas of marine water; n=10; salinity 3.3-3.5%). Freshwater bacteria were identified in 41 of 42 blood samples mixed with water at </=1.3% salinity, and the genus Aeromonas, which is universally distributed in freshwater environments, was predominant. Marine bacteria were identified in all of 46 blood samples mixed with water at >/=1.8% salinity, and most comprised the genera Vibrio and Photobacterium that are universally distributed in seawater environments. Aeromonas was undetectable in all blood samples mixed with brackish or sea water at >/=1.8% salinity although they are detectable even in seawater environments. Thus, the present results showed that bacterioplankton capable of proliferating in human blood reflects the salinity of water.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0379-0738",
doi="10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.006",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.006"
}