@article{ref1,
title="Self-injury in Lesch-Nyhan disease",
journal="Journal of autism and developmental disorders",
year="1994",
author="Anderson, L. T. and Ernst, Monique",
volume="24",
number="1",
pages="67-81",
abstract="Parents of 40 patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease completed a questionnaire detailing developmental history, life course, management, medication, factors influencing variability and topography of self-injury. Several conclusions were reached. Characteristics: Biting was the predominant form, perhaps only because of the difficulty of preventing it. There was considerable variability in self-injury which was strongly related to stress rather than to operant influences. Even though patients could not inhibit self-injury they could predict it and request restraints. Aggression against others was as prevalent as self-injury. Management: Stress reduction, teeth extraction, and physical restraint were the most commonly used management techniques. Behavior modification was of limited efficacy. Benzodiazepines were the most commonly used medications for controlling self-injury. Outcome: The severity of self-injury did not change over years. Age of onset was a predictor of outcome. The earlier the age of onset the worse the self-injury eventually became. The discussion describes research strategies, suggests dimensions along which self-injury can be classified, and highlights behavior not commonly described in patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0162-3257",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}