@article{ref1,
title="Alcohol consumption and blood pressure: an extended study of self-defence officials in Japan",
journal="International journal of epidemiology",
year="1994",
author="Wakabayashi, K. and Nakamura, Kazuhito and Kono, S. and Shinchi, K. and Imanishi, K.",
volume="23",
number="2",
pages="307-311",
abstract="BACKGROUND: It remains controversial whether the relation between alcohol intake and blood pressure is linear or non-linear. METHODS: The relation between alcohol intake and blood pressure was investigated in 2341 male self-defence officials who received a preretirement health examination at the Self-Defense Forces Fukuoka Hospital between October 1986 and December 1990. Average alcohol intake in the past year was ascertained by a self-administered questionnaire. The study excluded past drinkers, and allowed for smoking, body mass index and glucose tolerance. RESULTS: Blood pressure was higher at higher levels of alcohol intake across the range from 0 to 40-59 ml of alcohol per day, but was not progressively higher in men consuming > or = 60 ml per day. Blood pressure was significantly higher even among light drinkers (< 20 ml per day) compared to non-drinkers; adjusted mean differences were 3.1 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-5.2) in systolic pressure and 2.1 mmHg (95% CI: 0.7-3.5) in diastolic pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support the existence of a threshold in the relation between alcohol and blood pressure.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0300-5771",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}