@article{ref1,
title="Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan",
journal="Journal of personality and social psychology",
year="1996",
author="Tangney, June P. and Wagner, P. E. and Hill-Barlow, D. and Marschall, D. E. and Gramzow, R.",
volume="70",
number="4",
pages="797-809",
abstract="This study explored the relation of shame proneness and guilt proneness to constructive versus destructive responses to anger among 302 children (Grades 4-6), adolescents (Grades 7-11), 176 college students, and 194 adults. Across all ages, shame proneness was clearly related to maladaptive response to anger, including malevolent intentions; direct, indirect, and displaced aggression; self-directed hostility; and negative long-term consequences. In contrast, guilt proneness was associated with constructive means of handling anger, including constructive intentions, corrective action and non-hostile discussion with the target of the anger, cognitive reappraisals of the target's role, and positive long-term consequences. Escapist-diffusing responses showed some interesting developmental trends. Among children, these dimensions were positively correlated with guilt and largely unrelated to shame; among older participants, the results were mixed.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3514",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}