@article{ref1,
title="Physical abuse, smoking, and substance use during pregnancy: prevalence, interrelationships, and effects on birth weight",
journal="Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing",
year="1996",
author="McFarlane, Judith M. and Parker, B. and Soeken, K.",
volume="25",
number="4",
pages="313-320",
abstract="Using a prospective cohort analysis, this study established the singular and combined occurrence of smoking, physical abuse, and substance use during pregnancy and its effect on birth weight among African American, Hispanic, and White women. The sample consisted of 1203 African American (n = 414), Hispanic (n = 412), and White (n = 377) pregnant women from urban public prenatal clinics in Houston and Baltimore. In the results, occurrence of physical abuse was 16%; smoking, 29.5%; and alcohol/illicit drug usage, 11.9%. Among African American and White women, significant relationships existed between physical abuse and smoking. About 33.7% of African American women, who were not abused, smoked compared with 49.5% of women who were abused. Alcohol/illicit drug use was 20.8% for nonabused women compared with 42.1% for abused women. Moreover, the three characteristics--physical abuse, smoking, and alcohol/illicit drug use--were significantly related to birth weight. The results indicate that abuse during pregnancy is associated with increased smoking, and use of alcohol and illicit drugs. Thus, clinical protocols integrating assessment and intervention for physical abuse, smoking, and substance use are needed to achieve healthy outcomes for pregnant women and their infants.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0884-2175",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}