@article{ref1,
title="The effect of question structure on self-reports of heavy drinking: closed-ended versus open-ended questions",
journal="Journal of studies on alcohol",
year="1997",
author="Ivis, F. J. and Bondy, S. J. and Adlaf, Edward M.",
volume="58",
number="6",
pages="622-624",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: We compared open-ended versus closed-ended questions on the frequency of consuming five or more drinks in a single sitting. METHOD: From a general population survey of Ontario adults (N = 2,022, 62% male), we analyzed a subsample of 649 respondents who reported drinking five or more drinks in a single sitting at least once in the past year. Differences in agreement between the two questions and rates of missing data were evaluated. RESULTS: For the most part, the two measures were not consistent, with the closed-ended question eliciting higher rates of heavier drinking. Rates of missing data were also higher for the open-ended question. CONCLUSIONS: Open-ended question may not necessarily be more suitable than closed-ended questions for estimating the frequency of heavy alcohol use.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0096-882X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}