@article{ref1,
title="Taser blunt probe dart-to-heart distance causing ventricular fibrillation in pigs",
journal="IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering",
year="2008",
author="Wu, Jiun-Yan and Sun, Hongyu and O'Rourke, Ann P. and Huebner, Shane M. and Rahko, P. S. and Will, James A. and Webster, John G.",
volume="55",
number="12",
pages="2768-2771",
abstract="The maximum distance between the heart and a model Taser stimulation dart, called the dart-to-heart distance, at which the Taser can directly cause ventricular fibrillation (VF), was measured in pigs. A 9-mm-long blunt probe was advanced snugly through the surrounding tissues toward the heart. Five animals [pig mass=61.2+/-6.23 standard deviation (SD) kg] for ten dart-to-heart distances where the Taser caused VF were tested. The dart-to-heart distances where the Taser caused VF of the first stimulation site ranged from 4 to 8 mm with average 6.2 mm+/-1.79 (SD) and of the second stimulation site ranged from 2 to 8 mm with average 5.4 mm+/-2.41 (SD). The results help inform the evolving discussion of risks associated with Tasers.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-9294",
doi="10.1109/TBME.2008.2002154",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2002154"
}