@article{ref1,
title="Sleep-wake disturbances 3 years after traumatic brain injury",
journal="Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry",
year="2010",
author="Kempf, J. and Werth, E. and Kaiser, Philippe R. and Bassetti, Claudio L. and Baumann, Christian R.",
volume="81",
number="12",
pages="1402-1405",
abstract="Background 6&emsp14;months after traumatic brain injury (TBI), almost three out of four patients suffer from sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) such as post-traumatic hypersomnia (increased sleep need of ≥2&emsp14;h compared with before injury), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), fatigue and insomnia. The long-term course of post-traumatic SWD, however, is unknown. Objectives To assess the prevalence and characteristics of post-traumatic SWD 3&emsp14;years after trauma. Design Prospective longitudinal clinical study in 51 consecutive TBI patients (43 males, eight females, mean age 40±16&emsp14;years). Main outcome measures EDS (as assessed by the Epworth sleepiness scale), fatigue (fatigue severity scale), post-traumatic hypersomnia (sleep length per 24&emsp14;h), insomnia, depression and anxiety. Results Post-traumatic SWD were found in 34 patients (67%): post-traumatic hypersomnia in 14 (27%), EDS in six (12%), fatigue in 18 patients (35%) and insomnia in five patients (10%). SWD were not associated with severity or localisation of, or time interval since, TBI. Insomnia was linked to depressive symptoms. Conclusions This prospective study shows that 3&emsp14;years after TBI, two out of three patients suffer from residual SWD, particularly fatigue and post-traumatic hypersomnia. In 45% of TBI patients, SWD appear directly related to the trauma itself.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3050",
doi="10.1136/jnnp.2009.201913",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.201913"
}