@article{ref1,
title="On-task distractors associated with totball baseball games: a preliminary study",
journal="Perceptual and motor skills",
year="2007",
author="Mead, Tim P. and Broussard, Carmen D. and Rosenthal, Gary T. and Boudreaux, Dwight L. and Cooley, A. M. and Hammerli, Walt W.",
volume="105",
number="1",
pages="204-206",
abstract="Two totball baseball leagues in southern Louisiana were monitored to judge what type of parental involvement yielded the highest on-task behaviors among participants. 39 children ages 3 to 5 years participated in 3- or 4-inning baseball games with parents on the field. In the Parent on Bases League, a parent stood on first, second, and third base only. In the Parent with Every Child League, a parent stood next to every child on the field. Children were observed on the field at three different dates at 1-min. intervals during the first two innings of one game in both leagues. On-task behaviors were defined as standing in the correct field position and watching the ball. Off-task behaviors consisted of sitting, rolling on the field, talking to a coach or parent, and not watching the ball. A statistically significant difference in the percent of time children spent on-task favored the Parents on Bases League (75.7) versus the other league (50.3). Having fewer parents on the field in these baseball games kept players on-task more effectively than having a parent with each child.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0031-5125",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}