@article{ref1,
title="Influence of thoracic ramping on whiplash kinematics",
journal="Clinical biomechanics",
year="2005",
author="Stemper, Brian D. and Yoganandan, Narayan and Rao, Raj D. and Pintar, Frank A.",
volume="20",
number="10",
pages="1019-1028",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Some experimental whiplash investigations using human volunteers and full-body cadavers reported thoracic ramping, characterized by superior translation and extension rotation of the cervico-thoracic junction. The effect of this phenomenon on cervical spinal kinematics has not been quantitatively determined. METHODS: A comprehensively validated computational model exercised in 2.7 m/s rear impact was used to determine effects of superior translation and extension rotation of T1 on cervical segmental kinematics during the retraction phase. FINDINGS: In general, thoracic ramping had a minimal effect on cervical intervertebral kinematics during retraction. INTERPRETATION: Results of the present study demonstrated that magnitude of thoracic ramping plays a minimal role in the whiplash injury mechanism due to decreased effect on cervical segmental kinematics.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0268-0033",
doi="10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.06.011",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.06.011"
}