@article{ref1,
title="Relations among parental substance use, violence exposure and mental health: The national survey of adolescents",
journal="Addictive behaviors",
year="2006",
author="Hanson, Rochelle F. and Self-Brown, Shannon and Fricker-Elhai, Adrienne and Kilpatrick, Dean G. and Saunders, Benjamin E. and Resnick, Heidi S.",
volume="31",
number="11",
pages="1988-2001",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To study the relations among parental substance use, violence exposure and psychopathology in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. METHOD: Random digit dialing methodology was used to obtain a nationally representative sample of 4023 adolescents, ages 12-17. Telephone surveys, conducted in 1995, assessed demographics, parental substance use, violence exposure, and three psychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder (MDE), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse/dependence (SA/D). RESULTS: Obtained prevalence rates included: 8.2% for sexual assault, 22.5% for physical assault, and 39.7% for witnessing violence at home or in the community. Substance use by a family member was reported by 18.4% (n=721) of adolescents, with 50.6% reporting parental alcohol use and 19.1% (n=138) reporting parental drug use. Consistent with hypotheses, violence exposure and parental substance use, particularly parental alcohol abuse, were independently associated with outcomes. Additionally, parental substance use emerged as a moderator for MDE, PTSD, and SA/D; however, the moderating relations varied according to the outcome variable investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Violence-exposed adolescents reporting parental alcohol or drug use had the highest rates of psychiatric diagnoses.",
language="",
issn="0306-4603",
doi="10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.012",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.012"
}