@article{ref1,
title="Apolipoprotein e genotype and concussion in college athletes",
journal="Clinical journal of sport medicine",
year="2010",
author="Tierney, Ryan T. and Mansell, Jamie L. and Higgins, Michael and McDevitt, Jane K. and Toone, Nieka and Gaughan, John P. and Mishra, Anarug and Krynetskiy, Evgeny",
volume="20",
number="6",
pages="464-468",
abstract="OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms (E2, C/T Arg158Cys; E4, T/C Cys112Arg; and promoter, g-219t) and the history of concussion in college athletes. We hypothesized that carrying 1 or more APOE rare (or minor) allele assessed in this study would be associated with having a history of 1 or more concussions. DESIGN:: Multicenter cross-sectional study. SETTING:: University athletic facilities. PARTICIPANTS:: One hundred ninety-six male football (n = 163) and female soccer (n = 33) college athletes volunteered. INTERVENTIONS:: Written concussion history questionnaire and saliva samples for genotyping. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:: Self-reported history of a documented concussion and rare APOE genotype (E2, E4, promoter). RESULTS:: There was a significant association (Wald χ = 3.82; P = 0.05; odds ratio = 9.8) between carrying all APOE rare alleles and the history of a previous concussion. There was also a significant association (Wald χ = 3.96, P = 0.04, odds ratio = 8.4) between carrying the APOE promoter minor allele and experiencing 2 or more concussions. CONCLUSIONS:: Carriers of all 3 APOE rare (or minor) alleles assessed in this study were nearly 10 times more likely to report a previous concussion and may be at a greater risk of concussion versus noncarriers. Promoter minor allele carriers were 8.4 times more likely to report multiple concussions and may be at a greater risk of multiple concussions versus noncarriers. Research involving larger samples of individuals with multiple concussions and carriers of multiple APOE rare alleles is warranted.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1050-642X",
doi="10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181fc0a81",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181fc0a81"
}