@article{ref1,
title="Chronic whiplash syndrome--an overview",
journal="Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening",
year="2002",
author="Schrader, Harald and Stovner, Lars Jacob and Ferrari, Robert",
volume="122",
number="13",
pages="1296-1299",
abstract="In some countries a seemingly large number of patients suffer from chronic whiplash syndrome, whereas in other countries whiplash is not known or is considered to give only moderate symptoms over a brief period of time. In this paper, this discrepancy is accounted for by a biopsychosocial model, a central element of which is the existence of a large pool of spontaneously occurring symptoms in the population, among them head and neck pain. By the mechanisms of attribution, expectation (&quot;nocebo&quot;) and reinforcement, common symptoms may be experienced by the patient as caused exclusively by a mild or moderate trauma. Inappropriate behaviour and harmful treatment may worsen and prolong symptoms. To this one should add the effects of conscious exaggeration of symptoms, under-performance in neuropsychological testing, and underreporting of pre-accident symptoms in a medico-legal context. When assessing litigation claims, it is emphasised that a causal relation between common whiplash injuries and chronic complaints has not been demonstrated; a causal relationship can be accepted in exceptional cases only if a set of minimal criteria are fulfilled.<p /><p>Language: no</p>",
language="no",
issn="0029-2001",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}