@article{ref1,
title="A Systematic Evaluation and Validation of Subtypes of Adolescent Alcohol Use Motives: Genetic and Environmental Contributions",
journal="Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research",
year="2011",
author="Mackie, Clare J. and Conrod, Patricia J. and Rijsdijk, Fruhling and Eley, Thalia C.",
volume="35",
number="3",
pages="420-430",
abstract="Background:  Alcohol use motives are closely associated with specific profiles of alcohol use and reflect a subjectively derived decisional framework based on a motivational style of responding. Adult twin studies typically estimate the heritability of alcohol use motives to be between 7 and 42%, although relatively little is known about genetic and environmental influences upon alcohol use motives in adolescence. Methods:  Latent class analysis (LCA) models containing 1 through 5 classes were fitted to the data derived from 1,422 adolescent twin and siblings self-reported alcohol use motives. Using twin models, we estimated the genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental influences to the class membership data derived from the LCA. Results:  Four drinking motives classes were identified (family-oriented, social, enhancement/social, and coping/social). The coping/social and enhancement/social classes were differentiated from the social class on measures of depression, delinquency, and aggressive behavior. Analyses indicated that nonadditive genetic factors accounted for 76% of the variance in the coping/social motives class and additive genetic influences accounted for 66% of the variance in the social motives class. There was a moderate contribution of genetic factors and shared environmental factors influencing class membership of enhancement/social motivated drinkers (28 and 20% explained variance, respectively). Substantial shared environmental influences were revealed for membership of the family-oriented class (75%). Conclusions:  Heritable influences may predispose individuals to drink to cope with negative affect, for social reasons, and to a lesser extent for enhancement. Familial environmental influences shape family-oriented motives for drinking in adolescents.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-6008",
doi="10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01359.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01359.x"
}