@article{ref1,
title="A head-ring to control neck kinematics of the disabled during belt-restraint in a crash",
journal="Journal of traffic medicine",
year="1997",
author="von Holst, Hans and Viano, David C. and Kullgren, Anders",
volume="25",
number="1-2",
pages="27-32",
abstract="Objective: A head-ring concept is described to control head and neck kinematics during torso restraint in a vehicle crash. Method: A prototype head-ring was evaluated in 48 kmph sled tests, and Madymo simulations were run to optimize the restraint characteristics. Results: The combination of head-ring and lap-shoulder belts reduced head acceleration 18% (47 g vs 57 g) and chest acceleration 36% (42 g vs 66 g) over conventional torso restraint. More uniform, whole-body deceleration improved head and neck kinematics. When a parallel 10 N/cm spring and 50-70 Ns/m dashpot or a single 100 N/cm spring are attached 20 mm below the head center of gravity, optimum head restraint is provided over a range in crash severity and neck stiffness. Conclusion: Head restraint in frontal crashes is a promising concept to experimentally study. It may aid transport of the severely disabled or frail. One approach is to integrate it with safety belts in the seat or wheelchair. Further development and mathematical analysis may lead to more practical head-ring systems.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0345-5564",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}