@article{ref1,
title="Multisensory Rear-End Collision Warnings During Cell Phone Use",
journal="Eye and the auto, the",
year="2009",
author="Tan, Hong Z. and Mohebbi, Rayka and Gray, Rob",
volume="2009",
number="",
pages="24-24",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effectiveness of rear-end collision warnings presented in different sensory modalities while drivers were engaged in cell phone conversations in a driving simulator.  METHODS: Sixteen participants in a driving simulator experienced three collision warning conditions (none, tactile and auditory) in three different conversation conditions (none, simple hands-free, complex hands-free). Driver reaction time was captured from warning onset to brake initiation (WON2B).  RESULTS: WON2B times for auditory warnings were significantly larger for simple conversations as compared to no conversation (+148ms) while there was no significant difference between these conditions for tactile warnings (+53ms). For complex conversations, WON2B times for both tactile (+146ms) and auditory warnings (+221ms) were significantly larger than during no conversation. During complex conversations tactile warnings produced significantly shorter WON2B times than no warning (-141ms).  CONCLUSIONS: Tactile warnings are more effective than auditory warnings during both simple and complex cell phone conversations. These results indicate that tactile rear-end collision warnings have the potential to offset some of the driving impairments caused cell phone conversations.<p />",
language="",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}