@article{ref1,
title="Driving and telephoning: Relative accident risk when using hand-held and hands-free mobile phones",
journal="Safety science",
year="2011",
author="Backer-Grøndahl, Agathe and Sagberg, Fridulv",
volume="49",
number="2",
pages="324-330",
abstract="Experimental research shows that using mobile phones while driving leads to impaired driving, and it has been suggested that this driving impairment to a large extent is a result of cognitive, rather than physical, distractions. This notion is partly supported by empirical data showing that use of hands-free phones is associated with impaired driving in much the same way as use of hand-held phones. In the present study, accident risk when using hand-held and hands-free phones was investigated in a sample of 4307 drivers who were involved in accidents in 2007. In addition, data from a similar survey from 1997 (N = 5007) were used in order to get more observations. Relative risk was estimated using &quot;quasi-induced exposure&quot; in multiple-vehicle accidents. Results from the two surveys combined showed a significant increase in accident risk for hand-held mobiles and for hand-held and hands-free phones together. A non-significant tendency towards increased risk for hands-free mobiles was also detected. However, analyses of data from 2007 separately did not result in statistically significant relative risk estimates for any of the mobile types. Hand-held users were more inclined to attribute the accident to mobile phone use than were hands-free users.   Keywords: Driver distraction;<p />",
language="en",
issn="0925-7535",
doi="10.1016/j.ssci.2010.09.009",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.09.009"
}