@article{ref1,
title="Early Indicators of Enduring Symptoms in High School Athletes with Multiple Previous Concussions",
journal="Neurosurgery",
year="2011",
author="Schatz, Philip and Moser, Rosemarie Scolaro and Covassin, Tracey and Karpf, Robin",
volume="68",
number="6",
pages="1562-7; discussion 1567",
abstract="BACKGROUND:: Despite recent findings of cognitive, emotional, physical, and behavioral symptomatology in retired professional athletes with a history of multiple concussions, there is little systematic research examining these symptoms in high school athletes with a history of concussion. OBJECTIVE:: To identify cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms, at baseline, in non-concussed high school athletes on the basis of concussion history. METHODS:: A multi-center sample of 616 high school athletes, who completed baseline evaluations, were assigned to groups on the basis of history of concussion (none, one, two or more previous). The Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) was administered as part of a computerized neuropsychological test battery, during athletes' pre-season baseline evaluations. Cross-sectional analyses were used to examine symptoms reported at the time of baseline neuropsychological testing. RESULTS:: High school athletes with a history of two or more concussions showed significantly higher ratings of concussion-related symptoms (cognitive, physical, sleep difficulties) than athletes with a history of one or no previous concussions. CONCLUSION:: It appears that youth athletes who sustain multiple concussions experience a variety of subtle effects, which may be possible precursors to the future onset of concussion-related difficulties.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0148-396X",
doi="10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820e382e",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820e382e"
}