@article{ref1,
title="Stable trait components of hopelessness: baseline and sensitivity to depression",
journal="Journal of abnormal psychology",
year="1996",
author="Young, M. A. and Fogg, Louis F. and Scheftner, W. and Fawcett, Jan A. and Akiskal, Hagop S. and Maser, J.",
volume="105",
number="2",
pages="155-165",
abstract="Hopelessness (H) plays an important theoretical and practical role in depression. The authors hypothesized that a patient's H is comprised of (a) a baseline level of H when not depressed and (b) an increment in H related to the severity of depression at the time and the person's rate of increase in H as a function of severity of depression (sensitivity). Baseline and sensitivity are explanatory stable traits; H and depression are observed, time-varying states. The corresponding statistical model described well the longitudinal data of 316 participants. Baseline and sensitivity were uncorrelated and correlated with different clinical and demographic variables. Baseline predicted a future suicide attempt; sensitivity and H when depressed did not. It may be useful to ask &quot;How hopeless is this person when not depressed and how much more hopeless is he or she when depressed?&quot;, rather than simply &quot;How hopeless is this depressed person?&quot;<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0021-843X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}