@article{ref1,
title="Older drivers' pedestrian detection times surrounding head-up versus head-down speedometer glances",
journal="Vision in vehicles",
year="1999",
author="Kiefer, Raymond J.",
volume="7",
number="",
pages="111-118",
abstract="The current research was aimed at examining the real-world implications of the reported &quot;eyes-on-road&quot; benefit of automotive head-up displays (HUDs). In a parked vehicle, older drivers were asked to read a digital speedometer (positioned either head-up or head-down) and a distant speed limit sign in rapid succession. Liquid-crystal glasses were used to limit the driver's forward view. In the second half of testing, subjects were told that during a few trials a pedestrian would appear. On these trials, subjects were to immediately press a button. Results indicated a HUD detection time advantage ranging from 87-325ms for 5 of the 8 pedestrian target types examined and no differences across displays for the remaining pedestrian target types. In addition, there was a trend toward fewer missed pedestrians with the HUD. These results clearly suggest HUDs improve the driver's ability to see forward scene events (and hence, potentially traffic safety) surrounding display glances.<p />",
language="",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}