@article{ref1,
title="The extract of the jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata promotes neurotoxic effects",
journal="Journal of applied toxicology",
year="2011",
author="Carneiro, Raquel Felipe Vasconcelos and Nascimento, Nilberto Robson Falcão do and Costa, Paula Priscila Correia and Gomes, Victor Martins and Souza, Alex Jardelino Felizardo and Oliveira, Simone Cristina Buzzo and Santos Diz Filho, Eduardo Britto and Zara, Fernando José and Fonteles, Manassés Claudino and Oliveira Toyama, Daniela and Toyama, Marcos Hikari and Santos, Cláudia Ferreira",
volume="31",
number="8",
pages="720-729",
abstract="Phyllorhiza punctata (P. punctata) is a jellyfish native to the southwestern Pacific. Herewith we present the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of an extract of the tentacles of P. punctata. The tentacles were subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles, homogenized, ultrafiltered, precipitated, centrifuged and lyophilized to obtain a crude extract (PHY-N). Paralytic shellfish poisoning compounds such as saxitoxin, gonyautoxin-4, tetrodotoxin and brevetoxin-2, as well as several secretory phospholipase A(2) were identified. PHY-N was tested on autonomic and somatic neuromuscular preparations. In mouse vas deferens, PHY-N induced phasic contractions that reached a peak of 234 ± 34.7% of control twitch height, which were blocked with either 100 μm of phentolamine or 1 mm of lidocaine. In mouse corpora cavernosa, PHY-N evoked a relaxation response, which was blocked with either L-N(G) -Nitroarginine methyl ester (0.5 mm) or 1 mm of lidocaine. PHY-N (1, 3 and 10 μg ml(-1) ) induced an increase in tonus of the biventer-cervicis neuromuscular preparation that was blocked with pre-treatment of galamine (10 μm). Administration of 6 mg kg(-1) PHY-N intramuscularly produced death in broilers by spastic paralysis. In conclusion, PHY-N induces nerve depolarization and nonspecifically increases neurotransmitter release. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0260-437X",
doi="10.1002/jat.1620",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.1620"
}