@article{ref1,
title="Any first alcohol-impaired driving event is a significant and substantial predictor of future recidivism",
journal="Proceedings International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety Conference",
year="2002",
author="Ahlin, Eileen M. and Baum, H.m. and Duncan, D. and Raleigh, R. and Joyce, J. and Gretsinger, N. and Rauch, W.j. and Zador, Paul L.",
volume="2002",
number="",
pages="161-167",
abstract="It is a widely held belief among the legislative and judicial branches of state government in the United States that first offenders criminally convicted of violating an alcohol-related traffic law are drivers with a single and isolated alcohol-related event. This finding is inconsistent with published estimates that a person can drive while impaired by alcohol 200 to 2,000 times before being arrested once (1-6). Moreover, some drivers manage to have their records expunged under certain conditions and many state motor vehicle administration (MVA) offices routinely purge driving records after a set number of years. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the typical so-called first offender will have had an extensive history of alcohol-impaired driving by the time he or she makes it into the MVA's record system. The low probability of arrest (much less conviction) for alcohol-impaired driving, the practice of expunging and/or purging driver records, and the leniency with which state legislative and judicial systems handle so-called first offenders warrants a closer look at administrative, criminal, and diversion sanctions and the impact of &quot;disposition sequence&quot; on the deterrence of alcohol-impaired driving.<p />",
language="",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}