@article{ref1,
title="Low doses of marijuana and alcohol severely impair driving when taken together",
journal="Proceedings International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety Conference",
year="2000",
author="Ramaekers, Johannes Gerardus and Lamers, C.t.j. and Robbe, H.w.j. and O'Hanlon, J.f.",
volume="2000",
number="",
pages="-",
abstract="The purpose of the present studies was to empirically determine the separate and combined effects of .9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and alcohol on actual driving performance. In the first study, eighteen recreational THC users were treated with drugs and placebo according to a balanced, 6-way, observer and subject blind, cross-over design. On separate evenings they were given THC placebo, THC 100 .g/kg and THC 200 .g/kg with and without alcohol. Alcohol doses were sufficient to sustain blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of around 0.4 g/dl during testing. Subjects conducted two driving tests at each occasion: i.e. the Road Tracking Test and a Car-Following Test. In the second study 16 recreational users were treated with drugs and placebo according to a balanced, 4-way, cross-over, observer and subject-blind design. On separate evenings they were treated with THC placebo and THC 100 .g/kg with and without alcohol. As in the first study, alcohol doses were sufficient to sustain BACs of around 0.4 g/dl during testing. Subjects conducted a City Driving Test. Both THC doses alone, and alcohol alone, significantly impaired the subjects' Road Tracking and Car-Following performances. Both THC doses in combination with alcohol severely impaired the subjects' performance in each test. In the City Driving Test, the combination of THC 100 .g/kg and alcohol significantly reduced the frequency of visual search for traffic at intersections. While the effects of THC alone in doses up to 200 .g/kg might be categorized as &quot;moderate&quot;, they become &quot;severe&quot; when THC is combined with a low dose of alcohol.  Keywords: Cannabis impaired driving; DUID; Ethanol impaired driving<p />",
language="en",
issn="",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}