@article{ref1,
title="Effects of muscle tense on impact responses of lower extremity",
journal="Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury conference",
year="2007",
author="Sugiyama, T. and Kimpara, H. and Iwamoto, Masami and Yamada, D. and Nakahira, Y. and Hada, M.",
volume="35",
number="",
pages="127-138",
abstract="This paper describes investigation on the effects of muscle tensing in bracing on impact responses of driver's lower extremity in frontal impacts. From an experimental volunteer test data using a male subject, 33 muscle activation levels of right lower extremity for his maximal voluntary contraction in pressing on a brake pedal were predicted by a musculoskeletal model and then used for a human FE model. Parametric studies on pedal impacts to the foot with three pre-impact muscular conditions reveal that activated thigh muscles can increase axial compressive force and possibility of bone fractures at the tibia.<p />",
language="en",
issn="2235-3151",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}