@article{ref1,
title="Comparison of Frontal and Rear-End Impacts for Car Occupants with Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Symptoms and Clinical Findings",
journal="Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury conference",
year="2004",
author="Bunketorp, Olle B. and Jakobson, L. and Norin, Hans",
volume="32",
number="",
pages="-",
abstract="Rear-end impacts caused worse initial symptoms and specific clinical findings, not clearly distinguished from those occurring after frontal impacts. WAD III injuries, retro-orbital pain, and isolated contra-directional pro-retraction pain occurred more frequently after rear-end impacts, indicating the importance of shear loads and craniocervical junction vulnerability. Head inward rotation during rear-end impacts caused a more restricted mobility in the same direction at the primary examination than did outward rotation, indicating a possible influence from the shoulder part of the seat belt. The one-year outcome was mainly influenced by individual factors and less by the impact characteristics.<p />",
language="en",
issn="2235-3151",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}