@article{ref1,
title="Advanced lower limbs model with radioss: application to frontal and lateral impacts",
journal="Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury conference",
year="2002",
author="Arnoux, Pierre-Jean and Thollon, Lionel and Kayvantash, Kambiz and Cavallero, Claude and Brunet, Christian",
volume="30",
number="",
pages="3 p.-3 p.",
abstract="Within shock biomechanics, the knee and the lower leg are highly subjected to damage and failure. In order to investigate these injuries mechanisms and improve protection of lower limbs, the Lower Limb Model for Safety has been designed. The aim of this development was to set an injury model based on an accurate description of all anatomical parts of the lower limb.  This paper describes a simulated human model of the knee and lower leg which can be used to present knee and leg kinematics at impact. The model was based on CT scanning of one human leg specimen. Validation focused on mechanical properties of tissues, evaluation of model capability, sub segment testing, and whole model testing in frontal and lateral crash situations. The model was found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements and observed injuries. It is envisaged that the model would be used in the context of biomechanical shock and biomedical applications.<p />",
language="en",
issn="2235-3151",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}