@article{ref1,
title="Effectiveness of airbag restraints in frontal crashes: what European field studies tell us",
journal="Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury conference",
year="2000",
author="Fay, Paul A. and Kirk, Alan and Welsh, Ruth and Sferco, Raimondo and Frampton, Richard J.",
volume="28",
number="",
pages="425-438",
abstract="UK and German field accident data show that European airbag systems provide a 32% and 55% reduction in Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ injury to the cranium and face when belted drivers sustain Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 2+ injury in frontal crashes. The greatest benefits of airbags were seen in crashes exceeding 30 km/h delta V (velocity change). Airbags do not appear to affect a reduction in chest injuries and they exert a neutral influence on the incidence of cervical spine strain. Drivers in airbag vehicles sustained proportionately more AIS 2+ upper limb injuries than those in vehicles without airbags. That difference was largely the result of a higher proportion of clavicle fractures. Overall, deployment thresholds correlate well to the onset of moderate/serious head injury but there appear to be some unnecessary deployments at low crash severities.<p />",
language="en",
issn="2235-3151",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}