@article{ref1,
title="Trends in major modifiable risk factors for severe perineal trauma, 1996-2006",
journal="International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics",
year="2008",
author="Kudish, Bela and Sokol, Robert J. and Kruger, Michael",
volume="102",
number="2",
pages="165-170",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine what effect the major modifiable risk factors for severe perineal trauma have had on the rates of this trauma over time. METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study of singleton vaginal deliveries taken from a perinatal database for the period 1996 through 2006. RESULTS: A total of 46,239 singleton vertex vaginal deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Major risk factors for severe perineal trauma were increased maternal age (odds ratio [OR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-1.5), non-African American ethnicity (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.7), nulliparity (OR 4.8, 95% CI 4.11-5.6), fetal birth weight (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9-2.4), forceps (OR 8.3, 95% CI 5.4-10.8), vacuum (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9-4.4), and midline episiotomy (OR 5.7, 95% CI 5.0-6.4). Evaluation of the changes in rates of these factors over the study period revealed that the decline in the rates of episiotomy and the use of forceps accounted for a reduction in severe lacerations of more than 50%. CONCLUSION: Reduction of severe perineal trauma by restricted use of the 2 modifiable clinical variables, episiotomy and forceps, is evident over time.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0020-7292",
doi="10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.02.017",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.02.017"
}