@article{ref1,
title="Trauma and hallucinatory experience in psychosis",
journal="Journal of nervous and mental disease",
year="2005",
author="Hardy, Amy and Fowler, David and Freeman, Daniel and Smith, Ben and Steel, Craig and Evans, Jane and Garety, Philippa and Kuipers, Elizabeth and Bebbington, Paul and Dunn, Graham",
volume="193",
number="8",
pages="501-507",
abstract="Recent research indicates that there may be phenomenological, symptom, and diagnostic associations between trauma and hallucinations. However, the nature of the relationship is poorly understood from a psychological perspective. We report a theoretically informed phenomenological study. From descriptions of reported traumas and hallucinations, we assessed the rates of four types of hypothesized association between traumas and hallucinations (direct, indirect, stress, and none) in 75 participants with nonaffective psychosis. In a subgroup who had experienced trauma (N = 40), 12.5% had hallucinations with similar themes and content to their traumas, 45% had hallucinations in which the themes were the same but not the content, and 42.5% had no identifiable associations between their hallucinations and previously experienced trauma. Traumas rated as intrusive were significantly associated with hallucinations rated as intrusive, although intrusive hallucinations were not associated with traumas in general. The traumas most likely to be associated with hallucinations were sexual abuse and bullying.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3018",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}