@article{ref1,
title="Malocclusion, orthodontics and bullying",
journal="Dental update",
year="2001",
author="DiBiase, A. T. and Sandler, P. J.",
volume="28",
number="9",
pages="464-466",
abstract="Bullying is endemic among schoolchildren, and the effects can be devastating and long lasting. The persistently bullied child appears to represent a certain psychological type, with poorly developed social skills and a submissive nature. Physical appearance does appear to play a role, which includes facial and dental appearance, although these tend not to be primary factors. Teasing related to dental appearance appears to be particularly hurtful. There is little evidence of a marked increase in self-esteem following orthodontic treatment in children, but in adults following treatment there is an improvement of body concept. The long-term psychological benefits of orthodontic treatment are difficult to measure but there is an increasing awareness of malocclusion with age.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0305-5000",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}