@article{ref1,
title="A proposed universal medical and public health definition of terrorism",
journal="Prehospital and disaster medicine",
year="2003",
author="Arnold, Jeffrey L. and Ortenwall, Per and Birnbaum, Marvin L. and Sundnes, Knut Ole and Aggrawal, Anil and Anantharaman, V. and Al Musleh, Abdul Wahab and Asai, Yasufumi and Burkle, Frederick M. and Chung, Jae Myung and Cruz-Vega, Felipe and DeBacker, Michel and Della Corte, Francesco and DeLooz, Herman and Dickinson, Garth and Hodgetts, Timothy and Holliman, C. James and MacFarlane, Campbell and Rodoplu, Ulkumen and Stok, Edita and Tsai, Ming-Che",
volume="18",
number="2",
pages="47-52",
abstract="The lack of a universally applicable definition of terrorism has confounded the understanding of terrorism since the term was first coined in 18th Century France. Although a myriad of definitions of terrorism have been advanced over the years, virtually all of these definitions have been crisis-centered, frequently reflecting the political perspectives of those who seek to define it. In this article, we deconstruct these previously used definitions of terrorism in order to reconstruct a definition of terrorism that is consequence-centered, medically relevant, and universally harmonized. A universal medical and public health definition of terrorism will facilitate clinical and scientific research, education, and communication about terrorism-related events or disasters. We propose the following universal medical and public definition of terrorism: The intentional use of violence--real or threatened--against one or more non-combatants and/or those services essential for or protective of their health, resulting in adverse health effects in those immediately affected and their community, ranging from a loss of well-being or security to injury, illness, or death.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1049-023X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}