@article{ref1,
title="Ingroup Bias and Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis",
journal="Personality and social psychology review",
year="2000",
author="Aberson, Christopher L. and Healy, Michael and Romero, Victoria",
volume="4",
number="2",
pages="157-173",
abstract="A meta-analysis examined the relation between self-esteem and ingroup bias. The project focused on effects of ingroup bias strategy and measurement of self-esteem. Results indicated that high-self-esteem individuals exhibited more ingroup bias than did low-self-esteem individuals. Bias strategy and self-esteem measurement moderated this relation. When using “direct” ingroup bias strategies, high-self-esteem individuals showed more bias than did low-self-esteem individuals. When using “indirect” strategies, groups exhibited comparable amounts of bias. Results were comparable for collective and personal self-esteem measures. Examination of specific collective measures indicated that self-esteem defined by the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) did not predict differences in ingroup bias, whereas group identification measures did predict differences in ingroup bias. Results are interpreted as indicating that both high and low-self-esteem individuals exhibit ingroup bias; however, expression of ingroup bias by individuals with low self-esteem is constrained by situational factors. Furthermore, individual-level factors such as personal self-esteem may be useful in predicting collective enhancement.<p />",
language="",
issn="1088-8683",
doi="10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_04",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_04"
}