@article{ref1,
title="Using immersive simulation for training first responders for mass casualty incidents",
journal="Academic emergency medicine",
year="2008",
author="Wilkerson, William and Avstreih, Dan and Gruppen, Larry and Beier, Klaus-Peter and Woolliscroft, James",
volume="15",
number="11",
pages="1152-1159",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: A descriptive study was performed to better understand the possible utility of immersive virtual reality simulation for training first responders in a mass casualty event. METHODS: Utilizing a virtual reality cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) and high-fidelity human patient simulator (HPS), a group of experts modeled a sports stadium that experienced a terrorist explosion during a football game. Avatars (virtual patients) were developed by expert consensus that demonstrated a spectrum of injuries ranging from death to minor lacerations. A group of paramedics was assessed by observation for decisions made and action taken. A critical action checklist was created and used for direct observation and viewing videotaped recordings. RESULTS: Of the 12 participants, only 35.7% identified the type of incident they encountered. None identified a secondary device that was easily visible. All participants were enthusiastic about the simulation and provided valuable comments and insights. CONCLUSIONS: Learner feedback and expert performance review suggests that immersive training in a virtual environment has the potential to be a powerful tool to train first responders for high-acuity, low-frequency events, such as a terrorist attack.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1069-6563",
doi="10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00223.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00223.x"
}