@article{ref1,
title="In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players",
journal="Proceedings of the Royal Society - biological sciences",
year="2008",
author="Carré, Justin M. and McCormick, Cheryl M.",
volume="275",
number="1651",
pages="2651-2656",
abstract="Facial characteristics are an important basis for judgements about gender, emotion, personality, motivational states and behavioural dispositions. Based on a recent finding of a sexual dimorphism in facial metrics that is independent of body size, we conducted three studies to examine the extent to which individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were associated with trait dominance (using a questionnaire) and aggression during a behavioural task and in a naturalistic setting (varsity and professional ice hockey). In study 1, men had a larger facial width-to-height ratio, higher scores of trait dominance, and were more reactively aggressive compared with women. Individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio predicted reactive aggression in men, but not in women (predicted 15% of variance). In studies 2 (male varsity hockey players) and 3 (male professional hockey players), individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were positively related to aggressive behaviour as measured by the number of penalty minutes per game obtained over a season (predicted 29 and 9% of the variance, respectively). Together, these findings suggest that the sexually dimorphic facial width-to-height ratio may be an 'honest signal' of propensity for aggressive behaviour.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0962-8452",
doi="10.1098/rspb.2008.0873",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0873"
}