@article{ref1,
title="Risk analyses for sewer systems based on numerical modelling and GIS",
journal="Safety science",
year="1998",
author="Mark, O and Wennberg, C and van Kalken, T and Rabbi, F and Albinsson, B",
volume="30",
number="1-2",
pages="99-106",
abstract="Within the urban area, the sewer system represents a significant investment, which has been made during the last century. An inadequate design of a sewer system may cause severe economical and environmental damage. Reasons could be: inadequate flow capacity of the sewers resulting in flooding of residential areas; combined sewer overflows causing pollution incidents and maybe killing of fish in the receiving waters. Alternatively an accident may happen in urban areas where different pollutants may enter the sewer system, either accidentally, or intentionally flushed down into the system to remove it from the surface area. The flow and transport of pollutants in sewer systems can be described by use of numerical models, which can be set up and calibrated to reproduce the flow and transport pattern in the sewers. These models can be used to simulate existing conditions and for the development of suggestions for optimisation of a sewer system. Such an optimisation could include introduction of real time control or new construction works within the system. This paper describes the system for modelling of flow and pollution transport in urban sewers and possible applications of the modelling system. These applications feature analyses of an urban flooding problem and a study of the transport of dissolved pollutants in sewer systems. The applications show that such a modelling system is suitable for design of optimum alleviation schemes, for emergency planning and for off-line training in emergency procedures.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0925-7535",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}