@article{ref1,
title="From Meaning to Meaning: The Influence of Translation Techniques on Non-English Focus Group Research",
journal="Qualitative health research",
year="2001",
author="Esposito, Noreen",
volume="11",
number="4",
pages="568-579",
abstract="Language translation techniques are at the core of many cross-cultural qualitative research projects. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of translation techniques on the collection and interpretation of non-English to English qualitative data and, in particular, on focus-group data collection and analysis. The goal is to offer suggestions that will minimize potential threats to validity. This article includes a working definition of translation, a discussion of issues related to translation in quantitative research, a discussion of how translation issues differ in focus group research, evaluation criteria for translators and interpreters, and an example of translation techniques used in a research study of perimenopausal Hispanic women.<p />",
language="",
issn="1049-7323",
doi="10.1177/104973201129119217",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973201129119217"
}