@article{ref1,
title="Auditory signals in military aircraft: ergonomics principles versus practice",
journal="Applied ergonomics",
year="1986",
author="Doll, Theodore J. and Folds, Dennis J.",
volume="17",
number="4",
pages="257-264",
abstract="The complete ensembles of auditory signals in selected USAF aircraft (the F-4D, F-15, two models of the F-16, the C-5, and the C-141) are described and evaluated. Human factors research related to the design of speech and non-speech auditory signals is reviewed. Major findings are: that auditory signals are not well standardised among the aircraft, even between those with similar combat roles; that a relatively large number of non-speech auditory signals are used, which may make it difficult for the aircrew to recall the meanings of all the signals; that some non-speech signals are sufficiently similar that they may be confused, particularly in high workload and stressful conditions; and that the criticality of the warnings is not reliably indicated by any characteristic of the signals. Four problem areas requiring further research are discussed: reduction of signal loudness, enhancement of the distinctiveness and masking resistance of non-speech signals, effects of concurrent warning signals on aircrew performance, and additional uses of auditory information.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-6870",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}