@article{ref1,
title="Blame Attribution in Intentional and Unintentional Traumatic Brain Injury: Longitudinal Changes and Impact on Subjective Well-Being",
journal="Rehabilitation psychology",
year="2007",
author="Hart, Tessa and Hanks, Robin and Bogner, Jennifer A. and Millis, Scott and Esselman, Peter C.",
volume="52",
number="2",
pages="152-161",
abstract="Objective: Examine longitudinal changes in attribution of blame to self and others, and concern over cause of injury, in both intentional (violence-related) and unintentional (accidental) traumatic brain injury (TBI); investigate the relation of these factors to subjective well-being outcomes at 1 year post-TBI. Study Design: Prospective, multicenter, observational study with longitudinal component. Participants: 99 men with unintentional TBI and 25 men with intentional TBI who sustained moderate to severe injuries, received inpatient rehabilitation, and provided data in both acute rehabilitation and 1-year follow-up. Measures: Blame Attribution Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-30, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory--Revised Depression Scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale, community participation measures. Results: At both time points, participants with intentional TBI blamed others more while those with unintentional TBI blamed themselves more (trend). Other-blame at 1 year predicted depression but not life satisfaction. Self-blame was not a significant predictor of depression or life satisfaction. Increasing concern over cause/blame for injury from acute rehabilitation to follow-up was associated with high levels of emotional distress. Conclusion: Blame attribution issues may be markers of TBI-related emotional distress regardless of injury etiology, particularly when others are blamed for the injury and/or concerns over cause of injury do not resolve over time.<p />",
language="",
issn="0090-5550",
doi="10.1037/0090-5550.52.2.152",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.52.2.152"
}