@article{ref1,
title="Egos Inflating Over Time: A Cross‐Temporal Meta‐Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory",
journal="Journal of personality",
year="2008",
author="Twenge, Jean M. and Konrath, Sara and Foster, Joshua D. and Campbell, W. Keith and Bushman, Brad J.",
volume="76",
number="4",
pages="875-902",
abstract="ABSTRACT       A cross-temporal meta-analysis found that narcissism levels have risen over the generations in 85 samples of American college students who completed the 40-item forced-choice Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) between 1979 and 2006 (total n=16,475). Mean narcissism scores were significantly correlated with year of data collection when weighted by sample size (β=.53, p<.001). Since 1982, NPI scores have increased 0.33 standard deviation. Thus, almost two-thirds of recent college students are above the mean 1979–1985 narcissism score, a 30% increase. The results complement previous studies finding increases in other individualistic traits such as assertiveness, agency, self-esteem, and extraversion.<p />",
language="",
issn="0022-3506",
doi="10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x"
}