@article{ref1,
title="Exposure to violence among urban school-aged children: is it only on television?",
journal="Pediatrics",
year="2000",
author="Benenson, B. S. and Silver, Ellen J. and Stein, Ruth E. K. and Purugganan, O. H.",
volume="106",
number="4 Suppl",
pages="949-953",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To measure exposure to different types of violence among school-aged children in a primary care setting. DESIGN: Child interviews using an instrument measuring 4 types of exposure (direct victimization, witnessing, hearing reports, media). Violent acts measured include being beaten up, chased/threatened, robbed/mugged, stabbed/shot, killed. SETTING: Pediatric primary care clinic of large urban hospital. PATIENTS: Convenience sample of 175 children 9-12 years old and their mothers. A total of 53% of the children were boys, 55% were Hispanic, and 40% received public assistance. RESULTS: All children had been exposed to media violence. A total of 97% (170/175) had been exposed to more direct forms of violence; 77% had witnessed violence involving strangers; 49% had witnessed violence involving familiar persons; 49% had been direct victims; and 31% had witnessed someone being shot, stabbed, or killed. Exposure to violence was significantly associated with being male. CONCLUSION: Most school-aged children who visited a pediatric primary care clinic of a large urban hospital had directly experienced violence as witnesses and/or victims.",
language="",
issn="0031-4005",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}