@article{ref1,
title="Political liberalization or armed conflicts? Political changes in post–cold war africa",
journal="Developing economies",
year="2007",
author="Takeuchi, Shin'ichi",
volume="45",
number="2",
pages="172-193",
abstract="The African political scene after the end of the Cold War has been characterized by two major issues: the development of political liberalization and frequent outbreaks of armed conflict. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the relationship between these two issues. Although political liberalization cannot directly explain the outbreak of armed conflicts, the relationship can be understood by taking patrimonial characteristics of the post-colonial African states into account. The economic crisis and the change of the international environment after the 1980s compelled African states to launch the transformation, during which three results emerged: countries advancing successfully toward transformation into “polyarchy”; countries having fallen into severe armed conflicts; and countries in which authoritarian rulers managed to survive through introducing superficial measures of political liberalization. The characteristics of political change after the end of the Cold War can be therefore understood as transition processes of the post-colonial African states.<p />",
language="",
issn="0012-1533",
doi="10.1111/j.1746-1049.2007.00038.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2007.00038.x"
}