@article{ref1,
title="Neuropsychological functioning and recovery after mild head injury in collegiate athletes",
journal="Neurosurgery",
year="1996",
author="Macciocchi, S. N. and Barth, J. T. and Alves, W. and Rimel, R. W. and Jane, J. A.",
volume="39",
number="3",
pages="510-514",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study prospectively examined neuropsychological functioning in 2300 collegiate football players from 10 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division A universities. The study was designed to determine the presence and duration of neuropsychological symptoms after mild head injury. METHODS: A nonequivalent repeated measures control group design was used to compare the neuropsychological test scores and symptoms of injured players (n = 183) with those of gender, age, and education matched controls. A number of neuropsychological tests, including the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, the Digit Symbol Test, and the Trail Making Test, as well as a symptom checklist were used. TECHNIQUE: Players and controls were assessed before engaging in game activity and 24 hours, 5 days, and 10 days after injury, using the standardized test battery and symptom checklist. RESULTS: Players with head injuries displayed impaired performance and increased symptoms in comparison to controls, but this impairment resolved within 5 days in most players. Players with head injuries showed significant improvement between 24 hours and 5 days, as well as between 5 and 10 days. CONCLUSION: Although single, uncomplicated mild head injuries do cause limited neuropsychological impairment, injured players generally experience rapid resolution of symptoms with minimal prolonged sequelae.  Keywords: American football  <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0148-396X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}