@article{ref1,
title="Amphetamine self-administration by humans: modulation by contingencies associated with task performance",
journal="Psychopharmacology",
year="1996",
author="Comer, S. D. and Haney, M. and Foltin, Richard W. and Fischman, Marian W.",
volume="127",
number="1",
pages="39-46",
abstract="The effect of task performance feedback and associated monetary earnings on drug self-administration were evaluated using eight subjects in a residential laboratory setting. The hypothesis was that if subjects believed that d-amphetamine impaired performance and reduced monetary earnings, d-amphetamine self-administration would decrease. Subjects performed computer tasks every day: on certain days that they received capsules, subjects were given bogus feedback regarding their performance (&quot;better&quot; or &quot;worse&quot; than average). On sample days, subjects were required to take d-amphetamine (10 mg BID) or placebo (0 mg BID) capsules. On choice days, subjects could choose between either d-amphetamine or placebo. Subjects received feedback on their task performance on 2 sample days and 2 of 4 choice days. Subjects received no feedback on the remaining two choice days. When subjects received no feedback, they chose d-amphetamine over placebo 78% of the time, and when they were given better feedback messages, they chose d-amphetamine 87.5% of the time. In contrast, d-amphetamine self-administration decreased significantly to 25% when subjects were told that it impaired their performance on work tasks and resulted in reduced earnings. In reality, d-amphetamine had little effect on work task performance. However, compared to placebo, d-amphetamine significantly increased subjective ratings of &quot;Stimulated&quot; and &quot;Good Drug Effect&quot; and significantly decreased ratings of &quot;Tired&quot; and &quot;Sleepy.&quot; These results demonstrate that d-amphetamine served as a reinforcer under conditions in which drug self-administration did not influence monetary earnings, but that d-amphetamine self-administration could be modified by feedback/monetary earnings. Thus, contingencies associated with performance have important implications for drug use in the workplace.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-3158",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}