@article{ref1,
title="A study on crashes related to visibility obstruction due to fog and smoke",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2011",
author="Abdel-Aty, Mohamed Ahmed and Ekram, Al-Ahad and Huang, Hongwei and Choi, Keechoo",
volume="43",
number="5",
pages="1730-1737",
abstract="Research on weather effects has focused on snow- or rain-related crashes. However, there is a lack of understanding of crashes that occur during fog or smoke (FS). This study presents a comprehensive examination of FS-related crashes using crash data from Florida between 2003 and 2007. A two-stage research strategy was implemented (1) to examine FS-related crash characteristics with respect to temporal distribution, influential factors and crash types and (2) to estimate the effects of various factors on injury severity given that a FS-related crash has occurred. The morning hours from December to February are the prevalent times for FS-related crashes. Compared to crashes under clear-visibility conditions, FS-related crashes tend to result in more severe injuries and involve more vehicles. Head-on and rear-end crashes are the two most common crash types in terms of crash risk and severity. These crashes were more prevalent on high-speed roads, undivided roads, roads with no sidewalks and two-lane rural roads. Moreover, FS-related crashes were more likely to occur at night without street lighting, leading to more severe injuries.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.003"
}