@article{ref1,
title="Are there protective and risk factors in horse riding? A case-control study",
journal="Injury extra",
year="2010",
author="Hasler, Rebecca Maria and Gyssler, L. and Benneker, L.m. and Zimmermann, H. and Exadaktylos, A.k.",
volume="41",
number="12",
pages="133-133",
abstract="Objective: Analyze injury patterns, protective factors and risk factors in horse riding as well as has groups of safer riders and groups at greater risk.  Design: A retrospective and prospective controlled survey.  Setting: A tertiary trauma centre in Bern, Switzerland.  Methods: Injured equestrians admitted to a tertiary trauma centre in Bern between July 2000 and June 2006 were classified by injury pattern and neurological symptoms. Injured equestrians admitted from July to December 2008 were surveyed using a questionnaire with 17 parameters. The same questionnaire was applied in non-injured controls. Multiple logistic regression was performed, combined risk factors were calculated using inference trees.  Results: Retrospective survey: 365 injured equestrians. Injury pattern: extremity injuries (32%), head (24%), spine (14%), thorax (9%), face (9%), abdomen (2%), pelvis (7%). 80% of head injuries were mild. Neurological symptoms occurred in 14 patients. Two accidents were fatal. One case resulted in tetraplegia, one in paraplegia. Case–control survey: 61 patients and 102 controls (patients: 72% female, 28% male; controls: 63% female, 37% male). Falls from the horse were most frequent (65%), followed by horse kicks (19%) and horse bites (2%). Parameters significant for controls in multiple logistic regression: Older age (OR 1.03, CI 1.01–1.06; p = 0.015), male (OR 2.54, CI 1.04–6.21; p = 0.04), diploma in horse riding (OR 0.27, CI 0.11–0.65; p = 0.004). Inference trees revealed typical groups less and more likely to suffer injury.  Conclusions: Experience with horse riding and having passed a diploma in horse riding are protective factors. Educational levels and injury risk should be graded within an educational level-injury risk index.<p />",
language="",
issn="1572-3461",
doi="16/j.injury.2010.07.417",
url="http://dx.doi.org/16/j.injury.2010.07.417"
}