@article{ref1,
title="Is "the resistance to negative reinforcement" a feature of alcohol dependence syndrome?",
journal="Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi",
year="2006",
author="Kato, Shin",
volume="41",
number="5",
pages="445-448",
abstract="In 1979, &quot;Alcoholism Diagnosis Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare&quot; established the diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence syndrome, which included &quot;the resistance to negative reinforcement&quot;. The author raises a question about this criterion which indicates the condition that &quot;an individual continues to drink despite alcohol-related physical diseases, rejection by his/her family or economic poverty and drinking-related criminal problem.&quot; The author defines this condition not as &quot;resistance to negative reinforcement&quot; but as &quot;resistance to punishment.&quot; Furthermore, the author can not find the data supporting that &quot;the resistance to negative reinforcement&quot; in the correct sense exists in the individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome. In a theoretical sense, an opposite idea seems to exist. There is an observed fact that can be regarded as a phenomenon that explains the involvement of &quot;negative reinforcement&quot; in enhancement of psychological dependence as in the case of the secondary development of psychological dependence. Consequently, the author would have to say that defining &quot;the resistance to negative reinforcement&quot; as one of common features of alcohol dependence syndrome or one of diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence syndrome is inappropriate.<p /><p>Language: ja</p>",
language="ja",
issn="1341-8963",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}